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Who Can Repair A Thompson Machine Gun That Has Loading Problems

Written By Friday, 22 April 2022 Add Comment Edit

American submachine gun

Submachine gun

Thompson Submachine Gun, Caliber .45
Thompson nobg-1.png

Model 1921 Thompson with vertical foregrip and 100 circular Type "C" drum magazine
Type Submachine gun
Place of origin United States
Service history
In service
  • 1938–1971 (officially, U.S. military)
  • 1921–present (other countries)
Used by See Users
Wars
  • Chaco War
  • Assistant Wars[1]
  • Irish Civil War[two]
  • Castellammarese State of war
  • World State of war II[iii]
  • Indonesian National Revolution
  • Chinese Ceremonious State of war[iv]
  • First Indochina War[5]
  • Greek Ceremonious War[vi]
  • Indo-Pakistani War of 1947
  • 1948 Arab–Israeli State of war[vii]
  • Malayan Emergency[8]
  • Korean State of war[3]
  • Algerian War
  • Vietnam War[iii]
  • Republic of indonesia–Malaysia confrontation
  • The Troubles[9]
  • Turkish invasion of Cyprus
  • Yugoslav Wars[x]
  • Iraq State of war[11]
  • and numerous others
Production history
Designer John T. Thompson
Designed 1917–1920
Manufacturer
  • Auto-Ordnance Company (originally)
  • The Birmingham Small Artillery Visitor Limited
  • Colt
  • Savage Arms
  • RPB Industries
Produced 1921–1945
No. built Approximately i.75 million of all variants,[12] including:
  • 562,511 M1928A1
  • 285,480 M1
  • 539,143 M1A1
Variants Come across Variants section
Specifications
Mass
  • ten.viii lb (4.9 kg) empty (Thompson M1928A1)[13]
  • x lb (4.5 kg) empty (Thompson M1A1)
[14]
Length
  • 33.seven in (860 mm) (M1928A1 with compensator)[13]
  • 31.9 in (810 mm) (M1/M1A1)[14]
Barrel length
  • 10.52 in (267 mm)[13]
  • 12 in (300 mm) (with Cutts compensator)
Cartridge
  • .45 ACP (11.43×23mm)
  • 10mm Car (Limited quantity of FBI conversions)[15]
Action Blowback, Blish Lock
Rate of fire
  • approx. 700–800rpm (M1928),[13]
  • approx. 600-700rpm (M1A1),[14]
  • approx.900 rpm (M1921)
approx. 1500 rpm (Annihilator)
Muzzle velocity 935 ft/due south (285 m/s)
Constructive firing range 164 yds (150 k[16])
Feed system
  • 20-round stick/box magazine 0.4 lb (0.2 kg) unloaded[13]
  • 30-round stick/box magazine 0.v lb (0.2 kg) unloaded[13]
  • 50-round drum magazine ii.6 lb (1.2 kg) unloaded[13]
  • 100-round pulsate magazine
(M1 and M1A1 models do not accept pulsate magazines)

The Thompson submachine gun (also known as the "Tommy Gun", "Chicago Typewriter", "Chicago Piano", or "Trench Broom") is a blowback-operated, air-cooled, magazine-fed selective-burn down submachine gun, invented by the U.s.a. Ground forces Brigadier general John T. Thompson in 1918. It was originally designed to break the stalemate of trench warfare of World State of war I, but was non finished until afterwards the war ended.

The Thompson saw early on apply by the United States Marine Corps during the Banana Wars,[17] the United States Postal Inspection Service, the Irish Republican Army, the Republic of People's republic of china, and the FBI (following the Kansas Metropolis Massacre).

The Thompson became notorious during the Prohibition era equally a signature weapon of various organized crime syndicates in the Us in the 1920s. It was a mutual sight in the media at the time, and was used by both law enforcement officers and criminals.[18]

The Thompson was widely adopted by the U.S. armed services during World War 2, and was also used extensively by other Allied troops during the war. Its primary models were designated as the M1928A1, M1 and M1A1 during this time. More than 1.5 1000000 Thompson submachine guns were produced during Earth State of war 2.[19]

It is the showtime weapon to be labelled and marketed as a "submachine gun".[20]

The original selective-fire Thompson variants are no longer produced, although numerous semi-automatic civilian versions are notwithstanding beingness produced by the manufacturer Auto-Ordnance. These models retain a similar appearance to the original models, but have various modifications in gild to comply with Us firearm laws.

History and service [edit]

Development [edit]

Brigadier general John T. Thompson was the original developer of the Thompson submachine gun, who spent most of his career in the ordnance department of the U.South. Regular army. He envisioned information technology every bit existence a fully automatic rifle in order to replace the bolt-action service rifles then in use (such as the American M1903 Springfield).

Brigadier full general Thompson came across a patent issued to the American inventor John Bell Blish in 1915, while searching for a way to allow his weapon to operate safely without the complexity of a recoil or gas-operated reloading mechanism. Blish'southward design (so known as the Blish Lock) was based on the supposed adhesion of inclined metal surfaces under force per unit area.[21] Thompson gained financial backing from the businessman Thomas F. Ryan and proceeded to establish a visitor, which he named the Car-Ordnance Company, in 1916, for the purpose of developing his new "auto rifle".

The Thompson was primarily adult in Cleveland, Ohio.[22] Its principal designers were Theodore H. Eickhoff, Oscar 5. Payne, and George East. Goll. Past tardily 1917, the limits of the Blish Lock were discovered (which is substantially an extreme manifestation of static friction), and, rather than the firearm working every bit a locked breech, the weapon was instead designed to part as a friction-delayed blowback action. It was found that the but cartridge currently in service suitable for apply with the new lock was the .45 ACP. Full general Thompson envisioned a "one-man, paw-held machine gun" chambered in .45 ACP to be used equally a "trench broom" for the ongoing trench warfare of World War I. Oscar V. Payne designed the new firearm along with its stick and pulsate magazines. The project was titled "Annihilator I". Virtually of the blueprint issues had been resolved by 1918; nonetheless, the war concluded two days before prototypes could be shipped to Europe.[23]

At an Automobile-Ordnance board coming together in 1919, in guild to hash out the marketing of the "Annihilator", with the state of war now over the weapon was officially renamed the "Thompson Submachine Gun". While other weapons had been developed shortly prior with like objectives in listen, the Thompson was the start weapon to exist labeled and marketed equally a "submachine gun".[20] Thompson intended for the weapon to provide a loftier volume of automatic, man-portable fire for use in trench warfare—a role for which the Browning Automatic Rifle (BAR) had been determined sick-suited.[24] The concept had already been adult by High german troops using their own Bergmann MP 18 (the world'southward outset submachine gun) in concert with their Sturmtruppen tactics.[25]

Early use [edit]

The first Thompson entered product equally the M1921. It was available to civilians, but, because of the weapon's high price, initially saw poor sales. The Thompson (with ane Type 20 xx round "stick" magazine) had been priced at $200 in 1921 (roughly equivalent to $3,038 in 2022).

M1921 Thompsons were sold in small-scale numbers to the United States Postal Inspection Service[26] and then they could protect the post from a spate of robberies.[27] It was also sold to the The states Marine Corps, who used their Thompsons in the Assistant Wars.[17] Thompsons had also been widely used throughout China, where several Chinese warlords and their military machine factions running various parts of the fragmented state made purchases of the weapon, and subsequently produced many local copies.

The Thompson saw popularity as a point-defense weapon for countering ambushes by Nicaraguan guerrillas (in the Banana Wars) and led to the cosmos of iv-human burn teams which had equally much firepower as a nine-man rifle squad. Federal sales were and so followed by sales to police departments in the US, as well as to various international armies and police forces; chiefly in Fundamental and South America.[27]

The major initial complaints apropos the Thompson were its cumbersome weight, its inaccuracy at ranges over fifty yards (46 yard), and its lack of penetrating power using the .45 ACP cartridge.[28]

Some of the commencement batches of Thompsons were bought (in America) past agents of the Irish Commonwealth (notably the Irish pol Harry Boland). The first test of the Thompson in Ireland was performed by Irish gaelic Republican Army unit of measurement commander Tom Barry, of the West Cork Brigade, in the presence of IRA leader Michael Collins.[29] They purchased a total of 653 units, though Usa customs authorities in New York seized 495 of the units in June 1921. The residual constitute their way to the Irish Republican Army by way of Liverpool, England, and were used in the last calendar month of the Irish gaelic State of war of Independence (1919–21).[30] After a truce with the British in July 1921, the Irish gaelic Republican Ground forces imported more units, which were used in the subsequent Irish Ceremonious State of war (1922–23). The Thompson was not found to be very constructive in Republic of ireland; having only acquired serious casualties in 32 percent of the action in which it was used.[2]

The Thompson achieved early notoriety in the hands of Prohibition and Smashing Depression-era gangsters and the lawmen who pursued them. Information technology was also depicted in Hollywood films during this era, most notably regarding the St Valentine's Day Massacre. The Thompson guns used in the massacre are even so existence held by the Berrien Canton Sheriff's Department.[31] The Thompson has been referred to by 1 researcher equally the "gun that made the twenties roar".[32] [33]

In 1926, the Cutts Compensator (a muzzle brake) was offered every bit an attachment pick for the Thompson. Models with the compensator were cataloged as No. 21AC, at the original price of $200. The plain Thompson (without the attachment) was designated No. 21A at a reduced price of $175.[23]

In 1928, Federal Laboratories took over distribution of the weapon from Thompson'south Auto Ordnance Corporation.[34] The new cost was listed as $225 per weapon (equivalent to $three,551 in 2022), with $five per 50-circular drum and $3 per xx-round magazine.[34]

A British soldier equipped with a Thompson M1928 submachine gun in November 1940. (Notation the utilise of a pulsate magazine.)

Nationalist Red china acquired a substantial number of Thompson guns for utilise against Japanese state forces. They began producing copies of the Thompson in modest quantities for employ by their armies and militias. In the 1930s, Taiyuan Arsenal (a Chinese weapons manufacturer) produced copies of the Thompson for Yan Xishan, so warlord of Shanxi province.

The FBI had also acquired Thompsons in 1933 following the Kansas City Massacre.[34]

World State of war II [edit]

The Prime Minister Winston Churchill inspects a 'Tommy gun' while visiting coastal defence positions nigh Hartlepool on 31 July 1940

In 1938, the Thompson submachine gun was adopted by the U.S. military and was used during World War II.

There were 2 military types of Thompson submachine gun:

  • The M1928A1, which had provisions for both box and drum magazines, utilized the Cutts muzzle brake, had cooling fins on the barrel, and employed a delayed blowback activity with the charging handle on the pinnacle of the receiver.
  • The M1 and M1A1, which had provisions for box magazines merely, did not have cooling fins on the barrel, had a simplified rear sight, and employed a direct blowback action with the charging handle on the side of the receiver.

Over i.5 one thousand thousand military Thompson submachine guns were produced during World State of war 2.[19]

Magazine developments [edit]

War machine users of the M1928A1 units had complaints of the "L" 50-round drum magazine. The British Army criticized "the [magazine's] excessive weight, [and] the rattling sound they made" and shipped thousands back to the U.South. in exchange for xx-round box magazines. The Thompson had to be cocked, bolt retracted, ready to fire, in order to attach the drum magazine. The drum magazine also attached and detached by sliding sideways, which made magazine changes slow and cumbersome. They also created difficulty when clearing a cartridge malfunction ("jam"). Reloading an empty drum with cartridges was a hard and involved procedure in which the l rounds would be inserted so the magazine wound up until a minimum of 9 to xi loud "clicks" were heard before seating the mag into the weapon.

In contrast, the "Xx" twenty-round box magazine was light and compact. It tended not to rattle, and could be inserted with the bolt safely closed. The box magazine was chop-chop attached and detached, and was removed down, making clearing jams easier. The box magazine tripped the bolt open lock when empty, facilitating magazine changes. An empty box was piece of cake to reload with loose rounds. Notwithstanding, users complained that it was limited in capacity. In the field, some soldiers would record two "XX" magazines together, in what would be known every bit "jungle style", to quicken magazine changes.[35]

Two alternatives to the "L" 50-round drum and "XX" 20-round box magazines were tested December 6, 1941, at Fort Knox, Kentucky. An extended thirty-round box mag and a twoscore-round mag, which were made by welding 2 20-circular magazines face to face up, jungle way, were tested. The testers considered both superior to either the "XX" box or "50" pulsate. The 30-round box was approved equally the new standard in December 1941 to replace the "20" and "Fifty" magazines.[36] (The concept of welding two box magazines face-to-face was as well carried over to the M42 submachine gun.)

M1 development [edit]

The staff of Savage Arms looked for ways to simplify the M1928A1, and produced a prototype in February 1942, which was tested at Aberdeen Proving Footing in March 1942. Regular army Ordnance approved adoption (as the M1) in April 1942. M1s were made past Savage Arms and by Motorcar-Ordnance. M1s were issued with the 30-round box mag and would take the before 20-round box, merely would not have the drum magazine.[37]

Gainsay use [edit]

German language Fallschirmjäger troops in Tunisia with a captured M1928A1 Thompson submachine gun

The Thompson was used in Earth State of war Two in the easily of Allied troops as a weapon for scouts, not-commissioned officers (corporal, sergeant, and higher), and patrol leaders, as well as commissioned officers, tank crewmen, and soldiers performing raids on German positions. In the European theater, the gun was widely utilized in British and Canadian commando units, besides as in the U.Southward. Army paratrooper and Ranger battalions, where it was issued more frequently than in line infantry units because of its high rate of fire and its stopping power, which made it very constructive in the kinds of shut combat these special operations troops were expected to undertake. Military Police were fond of information technology, equally were paratroopers, who "borrowed" Thompsons from members of mortar squads for use on patrols behind enemy lines.[38] The gun was prized past those lucky enough to get one and proved itself in the close street fighting that was encountered frequently during the invasion of France. A Swedish variant of the M1928A1, the Kulsprutepistol m/40 (submachine gun, model 40), served in the Swedish Ground forces between 1940 and 1951. Through Lend-Lease, the Soviet Union also received the Thompson, but due to a shortage of advisable armament, its use was non widespread.[39]

In the Malayan Campaign, the Burma Campaign and the Pacific Theater, Lend-Lease issue Thompsons were used by the British Army, Indian Army, Australian Army infantry and other Commonwealth forces. They used the Thompson extensively in jungle patrols and ambushes, where it was prized for its firepower, though it was criticized for its hefty weight and poor reliability. Difficulties in supply somewhen led to its replacement in Australian Regular army units in 1943 past other submachine guns such as the Owen and Austen, and British forces also largely replaced it with the Sten gun. Thompsons were also given to the Royal Australian Air Force and Purple Australian Navy. New Zealand commando forces initially used Thompsons but switched them for the more than reliable, lighter, and more accurate Owen during the Solomon Islands and Guadalcanal campaigns.[forty] The U.S. Marines likewise used the Thompson as a limited-issue weapon, especially during their after island assaults. The Thompson was soon institute to accept limited outcome in heavy jungle cover, where the low-velocity .45 bullet would not penetrate most pocket-size-diameter trees or protective armor vests. (In 1923, the Regular army had rejected the .45 Remington–Thompson, which had twice the energy of the .45 ACP).[41] In the U.S. Regular army, many Pacific War jungle patrols were originally equipped with Thompsons in the early phases of the New Guinea and Guadalcanal campaigns, but soon began employing the Browning Automatic Rifle in its place as a point defense weapon.[42]

The Army introduced the U.S. M3 and M3A1 submachine guns in 1943 with plans to produce the latter in numbers sufficient to cancel future orders for the Thompson, while gradually withdrawing it from the first-line service. Withal, due to unforeseen production delays and requests for modifications, the M3/M3A1 never replaced the Thompson, and purchases connected until February 1944. Though the M3 was considerably cheaper to produce, at the end of World War Ii, the Thompson, with a total wartime production of over 1.5 million, outnumbered the M3/M3A1 submachine guns in service past nearly three to one.[19]

Later on World War Ii [edit]

Two Israeli policemen, armed with Thompsons meet a Jordanian legionnaire near the Mandelbaum Gate c.  1950

Thompson submachine guns were used by both sides during the 1948 Arab-Israeli state of war.[43] Following the state of war, Thompsons were issued to members of Israel'southward elite Unit 101, upon the germination of that unit in 1953.[44]

During the Greek Civil War, the Thompson submachine gun was used by both sides. The Hellenic Armed Forces, gendarmerie and police force units were equipped with Thompson submachine guns supplied by the British and later in the war by the United states. The opposing Communist fighters of the Democratic Army of Greece were also using Thompson submachine guns, either captured from government forces or inherited from ELAS. ELAS was the strongest of the resistance forces during the period of Greek Resistance against the Germans and Italians and were supplied with arms from both the British and the United States. After the demobilization of ELAS, an unspecified number of arms were not surrendered to the authorities only kept hidden, and were subsequently used by the Democratic Regular army of Greece.[45]

The Thompson also found service with the KNIL and the netherlands Marine Corps during their endeavour to retake their onetime colony of Indonesia.[46] Captured examples were later on used past Indonesian forces against Dutch forces[ citation needed ] and during by Indonesian infiltrators during the 1965 Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation.[47]

By the fourth dimension of the Korean War in 1950, the Thompson had seen much use by the U.S. and South Korean military, even though the Thompson had been replaced every bit standard-event by the M3/M3A1. With huge numbers of guns available in army ordnance arsenals, the Thompson remained classed equally Limited Standard or Substitute Standard long subsequently the standardization of the M3/M3A1. Many Thompsons were distributed to the US-backed Nationalist Chinese armed forces as military assistance before the fall of Chiang Kai-shek's government to Mao Zedong's communist forces at the end of the Chinese Civil War in 1949 (Thompsons had already been widely used throughout China since the 1920s, at a fourth dimension when several Chinese warlords and their military machine factions running various parts of the fragmented country made purchases of the weapon and then subsequently produced many local copies). During the Korean War, United states of america troops were surprised to encounter communist Chinese troops armed with Thompsons (amongst other captured US-made Nationalist Chinese and American firearms), especially during unexpected night-time assaults which became a prominent Chinese gainsay tactic in the disharmonize. The gun's ability to deliver large quantities of brusk-range automatic assail fire proved very useful in both defence force and assault during the early role of the war when it was constantly mobile and shifting back and forth. Many Chinese Thompsons were captured and placed into service with American soldiers and marines for the remaining menstruum of the state of war.

The Yugoslav Army received 34,000 M1A1 Thompsons during the 1950s every bit function of a U.s. Military machine Aid to Yugoslavia Agreement. These guns were used during the Yugoslav Wars in the 1990s.[ten]

During the Cuban Revolution, the Thompson submachine gun was used by both Batista'south ground forces and Fidel Castro's guerrillas. Both the latter and the Brigade 2506 also used some during the bay of Pigs Invasion.[48]

During the Vietnam War, some South Vietnamese army units and defense militia were armed with Thompson submachine guns, and a few of these weapons were used by reconnaissance units, advisors, and other American troops. It was partially replaced by the MAC-x, albeit during Vietnam, the fully automatic fire provided past the M16 made the Thompson less constructive than it previously had been. Still, not just did some U.Southward. soldiers take apply of them in Vietnam, they encountered them too. The Viet Cong liked the weapon and used both captured models besides equally manufacturing their own copies in small jungle workshops.[49]

The Australian government destroyed about of their Thompson machine carbines in the 1960s. They shipped their remaining stocks to arm the forces of Lon Nol's Khmer Commonwealth in 1975. They were then captured and used by the Central khmer Rouge.

In the conflict in Northern Ireland, known as the Troubles (1969–1998), the Thompson was again used by the Irish Republican paramilitaries. According to historian Peter Hart, "The Thompson remained a cardinal part of both the Official IRA and Conditional IRA arsenals until well into the 1970s when it was superseded past the Armalite and the AK-47."[9]

The Thompson was also used by U.Due south. and overseas law enforcement and police forces, near prominently by the FBI. The FBI used Thompsons until they were declared obsolete and ordered destroyed in the early 1970s.[50]

Collector interest [edit]

Because of their quality and adroitness, besides as their gangster-era and WWII connections, Thompsons are sought every bit collector's items. There were fewer than 40 pre-product prototypes. The Colt Patent Fire Arms Manufacturing Visitor in Hartford, Connecticut was contracted past the Auto-Ordnance Corporation to manufacture the initial mass production of 15,000 Thompson Submachine Guns in 1920. An original Colt Model 1921 A or Air conditioning, Model 1927 A or Air conditioning, Model 1928 Navy A or AC, properly registered in working condition with original components can hands fetch from Us$25,000 to $45,000+ depending on condition and accessories. For WWII, approximately i,700,000 Thompson Submachine Guns were produced by Auto-Ordnance and Savage Arms, with ane,387,134 being the simplified World War II M1 and M1A1 variants (without the Blish lock and oiling arrangement[51]).

A Model 1921A believed to have been owned by Bonnie and Clyde, simply without historical documentation to substantiate this provenance, sold at auction on Jan 21, 2022, in Kansas Urban center for $130,000.[52]

Features [edit]

Operating characteristics [edit]

Thompson M1928A1, field stripped

Early versions of the Thompson, the Model 1919, had a fairly high cyclic rate of fire, every bit high equally i,200 rounds per infinitesimal (rpm), with near Model 1921s at 800 rpm. This rate of burn, combined with a rather heavy trigger pull and a stock with an excessive driblet, increases the tendency for the barrel to climb off target in automated fire.[53] [54] In 1927, the U.S. Navy ordered 500 Thompsons but requested a lower rate of fire. Thompson requested Payne to develop a method of reducing the circadian rate of burn down. Payne then replaced the actuator with i that was heavier, and replaced the recoil jump with one that was stiffer; the changes reduced the charge per unit of burn from 800 to the 600 rpm of the U.Southward. Navy Model 1928. Subsequently M1 and M1A1 Thompsons averaged likewise 600 rpm.[53] Compared to more than mod submachine guns, the Thompson is quite heavy, weighing roughly the same as the gimmicky M1 Garand semi-automatic rifle, and requires a lot of cleaning. This was i of the major complaints nearly the weapon by U.Southward. Army personnel to whom it was issued.[28]

Thompson 1921, field stripped

Although the drum magazine provided significant firepower, in military service it was establish to be overly heavy and bulky, especially when slung on the shoulder while marching.[54] The M1928A1 Thompson drum mag was rather fragile, and cartridges tended to rattle within it, producing unwanted racket.[55] For these reasons, the twenty-circular and subsequently xxx-circular box magazines soon proved well-nigh popular with military machine users of the M1928A1, and drum compatibility was not included in the design of the wartime M1 and M1A1 models. The Thompson was one of the earliest submachine guns to incorporate a double-column, staggered-feed box mag design, which undoubtedly contributed to the gun's reputation for reliability. In addition, the gun performed better than most afterwards exposure to pelting, dirt, and mud.[28]

The selective-fire (semi or fully automatic) Thompson fires from the "open bolt" position, in which the bolt is held fully to rearward past the sear when cocked. When the trigger is depressed, the bolt is released, traveling forward to bedchamber and simultaneously fire the first and subsequent rounds until either the trigger is released or the ammunition is wearied. This eliminates the chance of "cook-off", which tin sometimes occur in airtight-bolt automatic weapons.

Disassembly [edit]

The Thompson submachine gun varies in field strip procedure, depending on the variant. World War II-era M1 variants and RPB models field strip more easily than the M1921.[ citation needed ]

The 1928 variant can be disassembled easily past first detaching the stock, so sliding off the lower receiver and so only removing the internal parts, cleaning them, and and so putting it dorsum together. When opened up, the Thompson features a small number of parts that need to be removed including the spring, bolt, Blish Lock, and actuator bolt.

Variants [edit]

Prototypes [edit]

Persuader and Annihilator [edit]

There were 2 main experimental models of the Thompson. The Persuader was a belt-fed version adult in 1917/xviii. It was partially built, but never completely finished. The Annihilator, serial no. Ver 10 prototypes were similar in advent to the later models, but without the rear sight and butt stock mounts. The Annihilator prototypes kickoff were fed from a twenty-round box magazine, but afterwards, the l- and 100-round drum magazine models were developed.

Model 1919 [edit]

Starting with the Serial no. 11, the Model 1919 takes the final appearance of the later Thompsons with the rear sights and butt stock. The Model 1919 was express to about 40 units; the get-go built did non use the drums, as it was also difficult to burn. Many variations have been noted within this model. The weapons had very high cyclic rates up to ane,500 rpm.[18] This was the weapon Brigadier General Thompson demonstrated at Camp Perry in 1920. A number of Model 1919s were made without butt stocks, rear and front sights, only the terminal version closely resembled the later Model 1921. This model was designed to "sweep" trenches with bullets. The New York Metropolis Police force Department was the largest purchaser of the M1919. Some experimental calibers aside from the standard .45 ACP (11.4x23mm) were the .22LR, .32 ACP, .38 ACP, and 9mm.[27]

.351 WSL variant [edit]

Merely one paradigm was made in .351 WSL using a standard 20" barrel which had a ROF of 1000rpm.

Thompson .30 Carbine [edit]

The layout and ergonomics of the Thompson submachine gun were also considered for the role of a Light Rifle before the adoption of the M1 Carbine. An example known as the "Calibre .30 Curt Rifle" was based on the M1921/27 variants.[56] All the same, it was turned downward without testing due to logistical bug.[57]

.thirty-06 variant [edit]

A .xxx–06 variant was intended as a rival to the M1918 BAR. It had an extended receiver with a recoil buffer and was fed from 20-round magazines.[58]

Production [edit]

Model 1921 [edit]

The Model 1921 (M1921) was the commencement major product model. Fifteen thousand were produced by Filly for Auto-Ordnance. In its original pattern, information technology was finished more similar a sporting weapon, with an adjustable rear sight, a blued, finned barrel and vertical foregrip (or pistol grip) and the Blish lock. The M1921 was quite expensive to manufacture, with the original retail price around $200, considering of its high-quality wood furniture and finely machined parts. The M1921 was famous throughout its career with police and criminals and in motion pictures. This model gained fame from its apply by criminals during Prohibition, and was nicknamed "tommy gun" by the media.[ citation needed ]

Model 1923 [edit]

The Model 1923 was a heavy submachine gun introduced to potentially expand the Auto-Ordnance product line and was demonstrated for the U.S. Army. It fired the more powerful .45 Remington–Thompson cartridge which fired a heavier 250 gr (0.57 oz; 16 g) bullet at muzzle velocities of about 1,450 ft/south (440 chiliad/s) and free energy nearly 1,170 ft⋅lb (1,590 J), with greater range than the .45 ACP. It introduced a horizontal forearm, improved inline stock for accuracy, 14 in (36 cm) barrel, bipod, and bayonet lug. The M1923 was intended to rival the M1918 Browning Automatic Rifle (BAR), with which the Army was already satisfied. The Army did not give the Model 1923 much consideration, so it was not adopted.

Model 1921AC (1926) [edit]

While not a new model in the usual sense of incorporating major changes, in 1926 the Cutts Compensator (a muzzle brake) was offered as an option for the M1921; Thompsons with the compensator were cataloged every bit No. 21AC at the original price of $200.00, with the plainly M1921 designated No. 21A at a reduced toll of $175.00.[23] The Model 1921 was thereafter referred to as Model 1921A or Model 1921AC, though some collectors withal refer to it as the Model 1921.

Model 1928 [edit]

The Model 1928 was the showtime type widely used by military machine forces, with the U.S. Navy and U.Southward. Marine Corps every bit major buyers through the 1930s. The original Model 1928s were Model 1921s with weight added to the actuator, which slowed down the circadian rate of fire, a Us Navy requirement. On these guns, the model number "1921" on the receiver was updated by stamping an "8" over the last "1". The Navy Model 1928 has several names among collectors: the "Colt Overstamp", "1921 Overstamp", "28 Navy", or just "28N".

The 1928 Thompson would be the terminal minor arm adopted past the U.South. Army that used a year designation in the official nomenclature. With the start of World War II, major contracts from several countries saved the manufacturer from bankruptcy. A notable variant of the Model 1928 with an aluminum receiver and tenite grip, buttstock, and forend, was made by Savage.[59]

M1928A1 [edit]

The M1928A1 variant entered mass production before the attack on Pearl Harbor, equally on-hand stocks ran out. Changes included a horizontal forend, in place of the distinctive vertical foregrip ("pistol grip"), and a provision for a military sling. Despite new U.S. contracts for Lend-Charter shipments away to Red china, France, and the United Kingdom, as well as the needs of American armed services, only 2 factories supplied M1928A1 Thompsons during the early years of World State of war Ii. Though it could employ both the 50-circular drum and the 20- or xxx-round box magazines, agile service favored the box magazines every bit the drums were more prone to jamming, rattled when moving, and were too heavy and beefy on long patrols. 562,511 were made. Wartime production variants had a fixed rear sight without the triangular sight baby-sit wings and a not-ribbed barrel, both like those found on the M1/M1A1.

In add-on, the Soviet Union received M1928A1s, included equally standard equipment with the M3 calorie-free tanks obtained through Lend-Lease. These submachine guns were used to a limited extent by the Cherry-red Army.[sixty]

Some M1928A1 Thompsons were used past the French earlier and during the Battle of France (1940) under the designation "Pistolet-mitrailleur 11 mm 43 (C.45) M. 28 A1."

An M1928A1 with an unusual inline stock, modified with elevated sights to increase accuracy, as well was produced. Some Thompsons were built with a folding stock, like to M1A1 Carbines used by Centrolineal tank crews, drivers and paratroopers and submarine raiders.[61]

Service variants [edit]

Thompson Machine Carbine (TMC) [edit]

In 1940, Republic troops in Egypt and N Africa were issued commercial model Lend-Lease Colt- and Fell-manufactured M1928s. Section leaders carried them instead of pistols or rifles. Many of the Colt models had French-language manuals packed with them as they had been abruptly diverted to England subsequently the fall of France. They soon discovered that the weapon was prone to jamming due to sand. To set this, the armorers removed the Blish Lock and replaced information technology with a hex bolt to go on the cocking handle and bolt together. The 20-round Blazon Xx magazines had their peep-holes welded shut to proceed sand out and the fifty-circular Blazon Fifty drums were discontinued. Ammunition was deficient every bit it was either in pocket-sized lots of Lend-Lease commercial ammo or obtained from next American troops. It was afterwards replaced past the 9mm Sten gun and Lanchester SMG.

Models used in the Pacific past Australian troops had their sling swivels remounted on the left side to allow it to be fired more easily while prone. A metallic sling mount was fitted to the left side of the wooden buttstock. Ammunition was manufactured in Australia or obtained from adjacent American troops. It was afterward replaced by the Owen Machine Carbine.

M1 [edit]

Fire Controls on an M1928A1 Thompson. Front lever is the selector switch, set for full automobile.

Responding to a request for farther simplification, the M1 was standardized in Apr 1942 as the United States Submachine Gun, Cal. .45, M1. Rate of burn was reduced to approximately 600–700 rpm.

First issued in 1943, the M1 uses a simple blowback operation, with the charging handle moved to the side. The flip-up adjustable Lyman rear sight was replaced with a fixed L sight. Belatedly M1s had triangular guard wings added to the rear L sight, which were standardized on the M1A1. The slots adjoining the magazine well allowing the employ of a drum mag were removed. A new magazine take hold of with the provision for retaining pulsate magazines removed, was produced, but almost M1s and subsequently M1A1s retained the original. The less expensive and more-hands manufactured "stick" magazines were used exclusively in the M1, with a new 30-round version joining the familiar twenty-circular blazon. The Cutts compensator, barrel cooling fins, and Blish lock were omitted while the buttstock was permanently affixed. Late production M1 stocks were fitted with reinforcing bolts and washers to forbid splitting of the stock where it fastened to the receiver. The British had used improvised bolts or wood screws to reinforce M1928 stocks. The M1 reinforcing bolt and washer were carried over to the M1A1 and retrofitted to many of the M1928A1s in U.South. and British service. Late M1s also had simplified fire control switches, besides carried over to the M1A1. Certain M1s had bug with high charge per unit of fire climbing upwards to ~800 RPM. The exact crusade remains unknown, but was resolved with the transition to the M1A1.[62]

M1A1 [edit]

Both sides of the Thompson M1A1 shown with 30-round magazine

The M1A1, standardized in October 1942 as the Us Submachine Gun, Cal. .45, M1A1, could be produced in half the fourth dimension of the M1928A1, and at a much lower cost. The main departure between the M1 and M1A1 was the commodities. The M1 commodities had a floating firing pin and hammer, the commodities of the M1A1 had the firing pin machined to the face up of the commodities, eliminating unnecessary parts. The reinforced stock and protective sight wings were standard. The thirty-circular magazine became more common. In 1939, Thompsons cost the government $209 apiece. By the spring of 1942, cost-reduction design changes had brought this downward to $lxx. In February 1944, the M1A1 reached a low price of $45 each, including accessories and spare parts, although the departure in price between the M1 and M1A1 was only $0.06. By the end of the war, the M1A1 was replaced with the even lower-toll M3 (commonly chosen the "Grease Gun").

Semi-automatic [edit]

Model 1927 [edit]

The Model 1927 was the open bolt semi-automatic version of the M1921. Information technology was made past modifying an existing Model 1921, including replacing certain parts. The "Thompson Submachine Gun" inscription was machined over to replace it with "Thompson Semi-Automated Carbine", and the "Model 1921" inscription was also machined over to replace it with "Model 1927." Although the Model 1927 was semi-automated only, it was easily converted to fully automatic by installing a full-automobile Model 1921 fire control grouping (internal parts). Almost Model 1927s owned by police force have been converted dorsum to full-auto.[63] The original Model 1927 is classified as a machine gun under the National Firearms Act of 1934 (a) past being "readily convertible" past swapping parts and (b) by a 1982 BATF ruling making all open bolt semi-automatic firearms manufactured later on the date of this ruling classified equally machine guns.

Model 1927A1 [edit]

The Model 1927A1 is a semi-automatic replica version of the Thompson, originally produced by Automobile-Ordnance of West Hurley, New York for the civilian collector's market from 1974 to 1999. It has been produced since 1999 by Kahr Arms of Worcester, Massachusetts. It is officially known every bit the "Thompson Semi-Automated Carbine, Model of 1927A1." The internal design is completely different to operate from the closed bolt and the carbine has a barrel length of 16.five in (420 mm) (versus open up commodities operation and butt length of x.5 in (270 mm) for the fully automatic versions). Nether federal regulations, these changes make the Model 1927A1 legally a rifle and remove it from the federal registry requirements of the National Firearms Human activity. These modern versions should not be confused with the original semi-automated M1927, which was a slightly modified M1921 produced by Filly for Auto-Ordnance.

The Model 1927A1 is the semi-automatic replica of the Thompson Models of 1921 and 1927. The "Thompson Commando" is a semi-automatic replica of the M1928A1. The Auto-Ordnance replica of the Thompson M1 and M1A1 is known as the TM1, and may be found marked "Thompson Semi-Automatic Carbine, Caliber .45M1".

Model 1927A3 [edit]

The Model 1927A3 is a semi-automated, .22 caliber version of the Thompson produced by Auto-Ordnance in West Hurley.

Model 1927A5 [edit]

The Model 1927A5 is a semi-automatic, .45 ACP pistol version of the Thompson originally produced by Auto-Ordnance in West Hurley from the 1970s until the early on 1990s or late 1980s. It featured an aluminum receiver to reduce weight. It has since been replaced with the Kahr Arms TA5 Pistol, which features a 10.5" barrel and steel receiver, unlike the 1927A5's 13" barrel and aluminum receiver.

As per the NFA (National Firearms Act of 1934), the "1927A5 .45 ACP Pistol" is just classified every bit a "Firearm" (Any type of firearm with an overall length of 26" or greater, that does not have a buttstock) as information technology neither fits the definition of a Pistol or Rifle nether federal law. This categorization also legally allows it to accept 1921 or 1928 style foregrip equipped, unlike other "pistol style" Thompson variants, without an AOW (Whatever Other Weapon) Taxation Stamp.

Auto-Ordnance 1927A5 DOJ BATFE Firearm Nomenclature Letter

1928A1 LTD [edit]

The 1928A1 LTD is a noncombatant semi-automatic conversion by Luxembourg Defense Technology (LuxDefTec) in Luxembourg. They are fabricated from original 1928A1 guns of various advent (with or without Cutt's compensator, ribbed or smooth barrels, adjustable or fixed sights), that were imported Lend-Lease guns from Russia.

Export variants [edit]

BSA Thompsons [edit]

In an attempt to expand interest and sales overseas, Motorcar-Ordnance entered into a partnership with and licensed the Birmingham Small-scale Arms Company Limited (BSA) in England to produce a European model. These were produced in small quantities and accept a different appearance than the classic style. The BSA 1926 was manufactured in 9mmP and 7.63mm Mauser and were tested by various governments, including France, in the mid-1920s. It was never adopted by any military force, and just a small number were produced.[64]

RPB Thompsons [edit]

Special purpose variant [edit]

A special purpose automobile pistol variant of the Thompson is manufactured past RPB Industries of Atlanta.[65]

Suppressed variant [edit]

A version with a threaded barrel for suppressors, side folding stock, and modified sights.

Civilian ownership [edit]

Canada [edit]

All variants and modified versions of Thompson submachine guns (even semiautomatic-but versions) are prohibited past proper noun in Canada, equally part of Prohibited Weapons Lodge No. thirteen in 1995. Consequently, they cannot be legally imported or endemic except under very express circumstances. For example, to ain 1 the person must be "grandfathered" and accept owned i before the bill was passed against information technology. The submachine gun is non grandfathered like in the U.S., only the owner. The submachine gun can only exist sold to other grandfathered individuals; this keeps prices extremely low as the number of permitted licensed individuals is very small and dwindling with time. Somewhen, all prohibited guns volition be out of circulation.[66] : Part 1.86 [67]

The states [edit]

The perceived popularity of submachine guns such every bit the Thompson with violent gangsters in the 1920s and 1930s was one of the main reasons given for passage of the National Firearms Act by the United States Congress in 1934. One of its provisions was that owners of fully automatic firearms were required to register them with the predecessor bureau of the modern Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF). The law also placed restrictions on the possession, transfer, and transport of the weapons.

At that place are several U.S. made automatic and semi-automatic variants, copies, or replicas. The semi-automated versions are less regulated past federal law.

United Kingdom [edit]

The possession of whatsoever fully automatic firearm is prohibited in the U.k. past the Firearms Deed 1968; prohibited firearms can exist possessed on a department v document, simply these are not issued for sporting purposes. A fully automated firearm that has been converted to semi-automatic fire, such as the Model 1927, is prohibited by the Firearms Act 1988, as is whatever middle-fire purpose-fabricated semi-automatic weapon, such as the Model 1927A1. It is now effectively impossible for a firearm of this type to exist legally possessed past a member of the general public, except in certified deactivated status or where specifically manufactured every bit a semi-automatic in calibre .22LR.

Deutschland [edit]

The gun, in a government approved semiautomatic conversion or clone, can legally be endemic by hunters and sport shooters. With a design date prior to 1942 information technology is non considered a "weapon of war." Only the fully automatic version is a prohibited weapon. Every bit a long gun, information technology tin can exist bought by hunters (even if it cannot be used to really hunt for legal reasons). At that place are disciplines in regime approved sport shooting rulebooks that permit this blazon to exist used, therefore the gun can be bought past sport shooters, too.

Users [edit]

  • Algeria[68]
  • Argentina: M1928 and M1 Thompson[69]
  • Bolivia[seventy]
  • Brazil: Used by the Brazilian forces from WWII[71] until the mid-1980s.
  • British Raj British India: Widely used past the Indian Army in the Malayan Campaign,[72] in the European theatre[73] and Burma Campaigns
  • Canada[74]
  • Cuba[75]
  • People's Republic of People's republic of china: Unlicensed copies[76] [77]
  • Republic of Cathay[four]
  • Croatia[iii]
  • Arab republic of egypt[78]
  • French republic:[76] The M1928A1 was used equally the Pistolet-mitrailleur xi mm 43 (C.45) Yard. 28 A1.[79] The M1A1 was also used.[eighty]
  • Greece: Used by Greek armed forces, resistance fighters, Gendarmerie and police units during World War II and immediately postwar period.[45] [81]
  • Guatemala[82]
  • Haiti[83]
  • Iraq: Iraqi insurgents[11]
  • Regal Country of Islamic republic of iran: Used by the Regal Iranian Baby-sit Units, first saw activity during the Iran crisis of 1946.[84]
  • Israel:[44]
  • Italian republic: Captured examples pressed into use by the Italian Army prior to September 8, 1943.[85] Besides supplied to partisans and to the Italian Co-belligerent Regular army.[86] Afterward the war, it was mostly issued to Italian Air Force troopers[87] and the Carabinieri.[88]
  • Nihon: Were used in some quantities past the Japanese Maritime Self-Defense[89] [ unreliable source? ]
  • Hashemite kingdom of jordan[7]
  • Kingdom of Laos: Limited received past U.S government and used during the Start Indochina War and Vietnam War.[xc]
  • Luxembourg: M1A1 in service 1952–1967, replaced past Uzi.[91]
  • Malaysia[8]
  • The Netherlands: In early Globe War Two, at least 3,680 Thompsons acquired through Lend-Charter[23]
  • New Zealand: M1928 and M1928A1[92]
  • Nicaragua:[93] The Nicaraguan National Guard received M1928A1s and some were captured by Sandino's rebels.[94]
  • North korea: Chinese-fabricated Thompsons used by the Korean People'southward Army in the Korean War.[95]
  • Due north Vietnam: Unlicensed copies.[76] Used by Viet Minh in the First Indochina State of war.[5]
  • Poland: Used by the Polish Armed Forces in the West during WWII[96] and by resistance fighters during the Warsaw Uprising (from supply drops)
  • Portugal: Small number bought for police employ, designated m/1928[97]
  • Somalia[98]
  • Due south Vietnam[3]
  • Soviet Union[99]
  • Sweden[100]
  • Great britain. First issued to the GHQ Liaison Unit ('Phantom') in February 1940, in advance of master State of war Office contracts.[101]
  • United States: Employed past the United States Marine Corps[27] and past the United States Army 1938,[102] including paratroops in World War Two.
  • Vietnam Used by Viet Cong during Vietnam War.[103]
  • Venezuela[104]
  • Yugoslavia[ten]

Non-state groups [edit]

  • The Provisional IRA and Official IRA used the 1921 variant, mainly during the early 1960s to 1970s.[105] [106]
  • The Angry Brigade[107]
  • Azerbaijan People'due south Government[84]
  • Afghan Mujahideen[108]

See also [edit]

  • Listing of U.S. Army weapons by supply itemize designation SNL A-32

References [edit]

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  • Hill, Tracie L. (2009). The Ultimate Thompson Volume. Collector Form Publications.
  • Hogg, Ian Five. and Weeks, John. (1989). War machine Small-scale Arms of the 20th Century. DBI Books Inc.
  • Huon, Jean. (1995). Les pistolets-mitrailleurs Thompson. Barnett Editions, too Editions Crepin-LeBlond.
  • Iannamico, Frank (2000). American Thunder: The War machine Thompson Submachine Gun. Moose Lake Publishing.
  • Iannamico, Frank. (2003). "The Colt Thompson Submachine Gun". The Shotgun News Treasury Issue Volume iv. Primedia Publishing
  • Iannamico, Frank. (2004). American Thunder 2: The Military Thompson Submachine Gun. Moose Lake Publishing.
  • Iannamico, Frank. (2004). United States Submachine Guns. Moose Lake Publishing.
  • Johnson, Melvin G. and Oasis, Charles J. (1941). Automated Arms. William Morrow and Co.
  • Linton, Peter. The Machinist's Guide to the Thompson Submachine Gun (2012) Gun Show Books Publishing ISBN 978-0-9787086-2-7
  • Nelson, Thomas B. (1963). The World's Submachine Guns, Book I. International Small Arms Publishers.
  • Pegler, Martin (2010). The Thompson Submachine Gun: From Prohibition Chicago to World War II. Weapon 1. Osprey Publishing. ISBN9781849081498.
  • (in Portuguese) Olive, Ronaldo. (1996). Guia Internacional de Submetralhadoras. Editora Magnum Ltda.
  • (in Greek) Sazanidis, Christos (1995). Τα όπλα των Ελλήνων [Arms of the Greeks] (in Greek). Thessaloniki (Greece): Maiandros. ISBN978-960-90213-0-2.
  • Sharpe, Philip B. "The Thompson Sub-Machine Gun (in Police force Science)" Journal of Criminal Constabulary and Criminology (1931–1951), Vol. 23, No. half dozen. (Mar. – Apr., 1933), pp. 1098–1114.
  • Smith, Charles H. A brief story of Car-Ordnance Company.
  • Smith, Joseph East. (1969). Small Arms of the World (xi ed.). Harrisburg, PA: The Stackpole Company. ISBN9780811715669.
  • "Sturmgewehr!" by R. Blake Stevens Collector Course Publications (2004). Thompsons(!) in Weimar Germany ISBN 0889353565, 9780889353565
  • Weeks, John. (1980). World State of war Ii Small-scale Artillery. Galahad Books.
  • Wilson, R.Yard. (1943). Textbook of Automatic Pistols. Small Arms Technical Publishing Company.
  • Yenne, Bill (2009). Tommy Gun: How General Thompson'south Submachine Gun Wrote History . New York: St. Martin's Printing. ISBN978-0-312-38326-8. (340 pages; contains blackness-and-white photographs and illustrations).

External links [edit]

  • Auto Ordnance
  • The Official Thompson Collectors Association Page
  • "Thompson Submachine Gun: Principles of Functioning 1943" on YouTube

Who Can Repair A Thompson Machine Gun That Has Loading Problems,

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thompson_submachine_gun

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